FEBRYANA, RIZA (2009)
Abstract
This research paper elaborates the struggle for love of Gabriel Oak in Thomas Hardy’s novel, Far from the Madding Crowd, that are analyzed through individual psychological approach. The objectives of the research are to analyze the structural elements of the novel and to analyze the novel based on individual psychological approach. This research belongs to a qualitative research. The data of the research is the text of a novel entitled Far from the Madding Crowd. Whereas the data source comes from both primary data source which is in the form of the text of the novel being researched and secondary data source such as biography of the author, websites and other sources. The method to analyze the data is descriptive analysis. Having analyzed the novel, the researcher comes to the conclusions as follows: Hardy presents the main character of Gabriel Oak that is drawn as a man who puts great respect and interest towards the grandeur of nature and lives in harmony with nature can patiently await the woman he loves. During the flow of the story he becomes a loyal and devoted man and in the end of the story he can win his true love.
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
There are many needs that people try to fulfill, for example, the needs
of food, cloth, house and love. The last is as important as the others. Lack of
love will make people feel anxious, bored and lonely. Love is condition or
phenomenon of emotional primacy, or absolute value. Love generally includes
an emotion of intense attraction to other person, a place or thing: and many
also include the aspect of caring for or finding identification with those object,
including self-love. (http://articles.gourt.com/en/love)
Love can make people feel happy, sad, and angry. It makes people
laugh and cry. Musbikin (2002: 30) says that love is sacred. It is given by
Allah, It’s priceless. It means everybody deserves love even though he or she
has to struggle for it. In the struggle to find love, people’s personality and life
style change. People will try to be better when they meet someone that they
love. Someone who is falling in love will always feel happy and tries to look
better and better in front of the person that they love. Far from the Madding
Crowd was written by Thomas Hardy and was first published in serial form
during January until December 1874 in Cornhill Magazine, as asserted by
Allingham (2000). The title of the novel was obtained from Thomas Gray’s
Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard in stanza 19 (Baker, 1976: 9). It
became Hardy’s first novel to be popular with public; and also brought him
some financial success (http://www.pinkmonkey.com/booknotes/monkey
notes/pmFarFrom01.asp). In Far from the Madding Crowd (1874) he contrasts
the design of the great medieval barn, in which the sheep-shearing takes place,
with those of a church and a castle in that the purpose which had dictated its
original erection was the same to which it was still applied (Thornley and
Roberts, 1984: 462).
The story of Far from the Madding Crowd is written by Thomas Hardy
with evocative descriptions of rural life and landscapes. It is narrated with the
strong nuance of rural and agricultural life of its characters who deal with land
farming and sheep farming the entire day. A young sheep farmer who meets
and falls in love with a girl named Bathsheba Everdene has lost many of his
sheep caused by his young dog. After Gabriel Oak is bankrupt, he decides to
follow Bathsheba to Weatherbury to be her shepherd and bailiff. Gabriel Oak
has succeeded in handling her farm and her cattle, but he is not able to win her
heart. Through the whole story, there are three very different suitors who fall
in love with Bathsheba: the gentleman-farmer Boldwood, soldier-seducer
Sergeant Troy and the devoted shepherd Gabriel Oak
(http://www.pinkmonkey. com.dl/library1/digi008.pdf). The research is
interested in analyzing this novel by an individual psychological approach and
takes a title for his study “Struggle for Love of Gabriel Oak in Thomas
Hardy’s Far From The Madding Crowd”
B. Literary Review
There are at least two researches which have been conducted by the
students of Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta concerning the studies of
Thomas Hardy’s Far from the Madding Crowd. The first research is entitled
“The Struggle of Better Standard of Living in Thomas Hardy’s Far from the
Madding Crowd: A Marxist Approach” written by Siti Markhamah. The
second research is an Individual Psychological research written by Dyah Ayu
Ekasari with the title “The Importance of Moral Conduct in Thomas Hardy’s
Far from the Madding Crowd: Individual Psychological Perspective”.
In addition, there is a sociolinguistic research done by Heri Prasetya, a
student of Sebelas Maret University, with the title “An Analysis of Non
Standard Forms in the Novel Entitled Far from the Madding Crowd by
Thomas Hardy (Sociolinguistics Approach).” It is a research done in order to
find out the forms of the non Standard English used by the characters, to
describe the messages revealed by the use of the non standard forms in the
dialogs, and the social status of the characters related to the use of non
standard language.
Meanwhile, in this research the researcher intends to study the
structural element of the novel. It will be done by discovering the individual
psychology that is reflected in the novel especially concerning with a struggle
for love of Gabriel Oak from individual psychological approach.
C. Problem Statement
Based on the title and the background of the study, the main problem
in this research is, “How is a struggle for love reflected in Thomas Hardy’s
Far from the Madding Crowd?”.
D. Limitation of the Study
In conducting the research, the writer’s problem statement is going to
be discussed. This research only deals with the struggle of the major character,
the firm in analyzing man’s struggle, the research views the major character
from psychological perspective.
E. Objective of the Study
The aims of the research are follows:
1. To analyze the novel on the structural elements
2. To analyze the novel with individual psychological Approach
F. Benefit of the Study
The benefits of this study are as follows:
1. Theoretical Benefit
This study is expected to give contribution to the development of
the body of knowledge, particularly the literary studies on Hardy’s Far
From The Madding Crowd.
2. Practical Benefit
It is expected to give a condition in literary field as reference to the
other researcher in analyzing this novel particularly the students of
Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta.
G. Research Method
1. Object of the Study
The object of the study is Hardy’s Far From The Mading Crowd
2. Type of the Study
In analyzing the data found in the novel, the researcher uses the qualitative
method as the type of the research.
3. Type of the Data and the Data Source
In doing this study, the writer uses two sources of data, namely primary
and secondary data sources.
a. Primary Data
The primary data source is the novel itself, Far From The Madding
Crowd by Thomas Hardy’s
b. Secondary Data Source
The secondary data are taken from other sources which are related to
the primary data such as the biography of the author, and website about
Far From The Madding Crowd.
4. Technique of the Data Collection
The method of collecting data that the writer uses is library
research. Firstly, the writer reads and comprehends the primary and
secondary data source. Secondly she notes down of important information
in both sources. Then, she selects them by accepting the relevant
information with the problem and rejecting the irrelevant information that
does not support the topic of the study. Beside that the writer uses internet
to find the information about the novel and literary theory that she uses.
5. Technique of the Data Analysis
In analyzing the data, the writer employs descriptive qualitative
analysis or content analysis. The analysis is started on the author and then
the structural analysis of the novel and finally the individual analysis of
the literature.
H. Paper Organization
The paper consists of five chapters and each of them is sub divided
into sub sequent division. Chapter one is the introduction that consists of
background of the study, literature review, problem of the study, objective of
the study, benefit of the study, research method, theoretical approach and
paper organization. Chapter two is the underlying theory, namely explaining
about principle theory of personality. Chapter three is structural analysis; the
researcher explains the structural elements of the story and discussion. Chapter
four is data analysis; it presents six basic principles of an individual
psychological approach. This chapter represents the application of the
underlying theory in which the novel is analyzed by means of Adler’s
individual psychology. Finally, the last chapter integrates the overall
discussion and brings to the conclusion of the study.
FACE OF OUR LIBRARY
Sunday, April 24, 2011
A STRUGGLE FOR LOVE OF GABRIEL OAK IN THOMAS HARDY’S FAR FROM THE MADDING CROWD: AN INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACH
Thursday, April 21, 2011
STRUGGLE FOR LIFE IN MARTIN SCORSESE’S GANGS OF NEW YORK MOVIE: AN INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACH
APRIADI, SUSENO (2009)
Abstract
This research paper elaborates the struggle for life in martin scorsese’s Gangs of New York movie that are analyzed through individual psychological approach. The objectives of the research are to analyze the structural elements of the movie and to analyze the movie based on individual psychological approach. This research belongs to a descriptive qualitative research. The data of the research is the movie entitled Gangs of New York. Whereas the data source comes from both primary data source which is in the form of the text of the movie being researched and secondary data source such as biography of the author, websites and other sources. The method to analyze the data is descriptive analysis. Having analyzed the movie, the researcher comes to the conclusions as follows: Martin Scorsese presents the main character of Amsterdam Vallon that is drawn as a man who puts great respect and interest towards the struggle from his father in order can be accepted in New York. After the death of his father, Amsterdam continue his father sacrifice in order can live in New York quietly. During the flow of the story Amsterdam Vallon can extinguish the power of natives and makes all Irish can live in New York.
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
People were born in a different background. There are so many different
backgrounds of life, such as, religion, states, and ethnicity. Those differences
stimulate people act differently to each other. They want to keep their
personalities based on their background. Realize it or not people will be separated
by invisible wall from other groups of society; they make their own group with
the same background.
Like in the New York City, many groups have different background over
there. English, Dutch, Scottish, Italian, German and Welsh live in New York City
for many years. They can accept the background of each other because they have
lived together for many years, and called as natives. When new comer comes, he
can not be accepted directly. The natives can not receive the new comer style, the
tradition even the religion. It makes the new comer struggles for the position, for
especially for the life.
Many new comers struggle to get the equal position in such country, or
district. Talk about struggle in life, many literary works raise the struggle of a
group of people. One of the literary works which raise the struggle is film. For
example, A Knight’s Tale, Brave Heart, Gangs of New York and More. The film
which totally raises the struggle for life in country is Gangs of New York.
Furthermore, Gangs of New York is film that tells about truth situation in New
York.
Gangs of New York is 2002 film about truth situation where many
immigrants from Ireland enter New York. In this film New York is described as
town which was full of tribes, war chiefs and the gangs. Actually it was not a
town. New York was a furnace, where cities someday might be forged. New York
was full of conflict among Group of people; the huge conflict came from the Irish
and the native who was born in New York.
Gangs of New York movie tells about the struggle of one who comes from
Ireland. He tries to live in America although the native could not accept his group,
even the native hate him and his group. The natives were led by William Cutting
better known as “bill the butcher” (Daniel Day Lewis), with the hatred feeling
toward the immigrants. The leader of the Irish immigrant is Priest Vallon (Liam
Neeson) who has young son, Amsterdam (played as a child by Cian McCormack).
Cutting and priest Vallon meet with their respective gangs in a battle, harsh and
bloody, concluding when Bill killed Priest Vallon. Amsterdam was a witness.
Cutting declared the Dead Rabbits outlawed and ordered Vallon's body buried
with honor. Amsterdam took his father's straight razor, used for a ceremony, races
off and buried it. He was found and taken to the orphanage at Hellgate.
Sixteen years later, Amsterdam left Hellgate as a grown man (now played
by Leonardo DiCaprio). Coming in Five Points, he reunited with an old friend,
Johnny Sirocco (Henry Thomas). Johnny, who was then a member of a group of
pickpockets and thieves, introduced Amsterdam to Bill. Amsterdam found that
many of his father's old loyalists are now under William Cutting’s control,
including Happy Jack (John C. Reilly), now a corrupt police officer in William
Cutting’s pocket, and McGloin (Gary Lewis), now one of Bill's lieutenants.
Amsterdam soon works his way into the Butcher's group. Amsterdam learns that
each year, on the anniversary of the Five Points battle (February 16), Bill leads
the city in saluting the victory over the Dead Rabbits, and Amsterdam plans to
kill the Butcher. While in planning to kill butcher, Amsterdam meet Jenny
Everdeane, a pickpocket, Amsterdam is attracted to Jenny, so does Jenny.
Amsterdam’s friend, Johnny feels jealous to Amsterdam, because Amsterdam
gets Jenny’s love. It makes Johnny tell to butcher that Amsterdam plans to kill
him.
In a certain ceremony, Amsterdam tries to kill Butcher with a knife, but
Butcher can avoid the attack from Amsterdam, and reply the attack. Amsterdam
affected, and he is tortured by William. Then Amsterdam is released by William.
Amsterdam makes a clan that consists of Irish. He gets many supports from Irish
people to attack natives. Johnny also joins Amsterdam’s Gangs. But he still
contact with butcher. Butcher knows that Johnny join Amsterdam’s group, then
butcher kill him. The Irish cannot accept the death of their friend Johnny; Irish
with the leader Amsterdam Vallon declare war to natives.
The second civil war happened in five points, many people was killed in
that war. Not only citizen dead in the war, many police also died in the war. In the
end, Amsterdam can kill bill butcher, the war is over. In the final scenes, the dead
people are collected for burial. Bill's body is buried in Brooklyn, in view of the
Manhattan skyline, next to Priest Vallon. Jenny and Amsterdam both visit the
grave as Amsterdam buries his father's razor there. The final shot includes the
World Trade Center towers.
Gangs of New York is a great film, many awards given from the film and
also included as succeed film. Gangs of New York won Gangs of New York won
the Golden Globe Award of Best Director - Motion Picture for Martin Scorsese
and Best Original Song for the song "The Hands That Built America" by U2.
Daniel Day-Lewis won the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding
Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role & the BAFTA award for Best
Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role. It was nominated for 10 Academy
Awards including Best Picture and Best Director. However, the film was largely
overshadowed by Chicago, which took half of the awards for which Gangs of
New York was nominated, and the film failed to win any Academy Awards at all.
Although won many awards, Gangs of New York also gets critics. Many
critics have opined that the film is flawed compared to other Scorsese films,
though it has its share of vocal supporters. Roger Ebert, one of Scorsese's
longtime supporters, gave the film a positive review, saying it was "a triumph, but
not in the first rank of his masterpieces." The weaknesses frequently cited are its
comparatively slow pacing (the film has a running time of over 166 minutes) and
perceived lack of character depth. It has also been criticized for its wide-ranging
thematic content; William Goldman, in a Variety guest editorial, claimed that the
film attempted to touch on so many different themes that it failed to adequately
explore any of them, though this argument was strongly rebutted by producer
Irwin Winkler among others. On the other hand, many critics praised the film,
including eminent New York Times reviewer A.O. Scott, who gave it a glowing
review.
From the phenomena of struggle which shown above in Gangs of New
York’s movie, the researcher interested to analyze struggle for life in Martin
Scorsese’s Gangs of New York by using psychological approach and proposes to
conduct a research entitle Struggle For Life in Martin Scorsese’s Gangs Of New
York Movie: An Individual Psychological Approach.
B. Previous Study
After looking for several literary reviews in Muhammadiyah University of
Surakarta, the writer has not found the research about Gang of New York movie
done by the other researchers.
There has been other researcher who research on Gangs of New York
movie, the writer found it in the web site of Eadon. Eadon research the movie just
focused on the structural elements.
Here, the researcher will analyze Gangs of New York movie focusing on
struggle for life by using individual psychological approach.
C. Problem Statement
Considering the phenomenon, the researcher formulates the problem
statement in this study as follow: “How is the Amsterdam’s struggle for life
reflected in Martin Scorsese’s Gangs of New York movie?”.
D. Objective of the Study
Based on the Problem Statement above, the researcher can propose some
objectives of the Study below:
1. To analyze the structural elements of the movie in order to identify the unity
of the movie
2. To analyze the Amsterdam’s struggle for life reflected in Martin Scorsese’s
Gangs of New York movie based on psychological approach.
E. Limitation of the Study
To make the research appropriate with the objectives of the Study, the
researcher will make a limitation to the research. The researcher will only focus
on how the Amsterdam’s Struggles are shown in Martin Scorsese’s Gangs of New
York movie.
F. Benefit of the Study
The reason why someone makes a research is to get the benefit from it. By
doing so, the researcher expects some benefits are produced from this research,
those are:
1. Theoretical Benefit
By doing this research, the researcher wants to have contribution in
criticizing a literary work and producing criticism as objective as the writer
can.
2. Practical Benefit
This research can be used by the next researchers to do a research related
to psychological approach, especially on Martin Scorsese’s Gangs of New
York movie.
G. Research Method
Research method is derived from research and method. Research is the
process of solving the problem. Research also means an organized and systematic
way or process of finding answer to questions using scientific method. Method is
way for doing something.
In this part, the writer presents five points of research method. They can
be explained clearly as follows:
1. Type of the Study
The writer will use descriptive qualitative research in this literary
work. Creswell (1998: 15) defines that Qualitative Research is an inquiry
process of understanding based on the distinct methodological traditions of
inquiry that explore a social or human problem. The researcher builds a
complex, holistic picture, analyzes words, reports detailed views of
informants, and conducts the study in a natural setting.
2. Object of the Study
The object of the study is Martin Scorsese’s Gangs of New York movie
because the movie reflects the struggle for life in New York city.
3. Type of Data and the Data Source
In this study, there are two sources of data namely primary and secondary
data sources.
a. Primary Data Source
The primary data taken from a movie entitles “Gangs of New York”
which released in 2002 and written by Jay Cocks, Steven Zaillian and
Kenneth Lonergan and directed by Martin Scorsese. This film was produced
by Miramax film.
b. Secondary Data Sources
The researcher takes the secondary data source, including the scrip of
the movie and the other information from the book and website from
internet that were relevant to the subject matter.
4. Technique of the Data Collection
The technique of collecting data was purposive sampling. Where the
researcher took sample of dialogue and capture of picture of the movie the
used it as starting point to analyze the issue. The analysis of the sample and
dialogue and capture of picture could be used as a representation of a general
phenomenon in social life. In order to make the data more complete, the
researcher do some steps. The necessary steps are as follows:
a. Watching and finding out the important sentence on the dialogues
b. Reading the script of the movie
c. Reading the book that are connected to the research
d. Browsing to the internet to get some information articles that are related to
the research
e. Finding out the important data
f. Arranging the important data based on its
g. Developing the data that are provided
5. Technique of the Data Analysis
The data are analyzed by using descriptive analysis. It concerns with
structural element of the movie and individual psychological analysis. The
steps are as follows:
a. Classifying the data
b. Verifying the data
c. Interpreting the data based on underlying theories
H. Paper Organization
In order to make this paper easy to be followed, the writer gives some
order for the paper organization. Chapter 1 contains introduction that consist of
background of the study, previous study, problem statement, limitation of the
study, objectives of the study, benefits of the study, research method and paper
organization. Chapter II is about underlying theory that deals with theory of
individual psychology, major principles of individual psychology and theoretical
application. Chapter III covers structural elements of the movie that includes
character and characterization, setting, plot, point of view, theme of movie and
other aspect which support to the movie. Beside, this chapter also contains
discussion of the structural elements of movie. Chapter IV is individual
psychology analysis. It is about application of the theory individual psychology
toward the movie. Chapter V consists of conclusion and suggestion.
NEEDS FOR LOVE AND BELONGINGNESS IN THE CHARACTER OF GIACOMO CASANOVA IN CASANOVA MOVIE: A HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACH
Astuti, Suwening Widhy (2009)
Abstract
The major problem of this study is to reveal how the needs for love and belongingness reflected in Casanova movie directed by Lasse Hallstrom. The objectives of the study are to analyze the movie based on its structural elements and on the humanistic psychology analysis. In analyzing the movie, the researcher uses qualitative study. There are two kinds of data source, namely primary and secondary data source. The primary data is the movie of Casanova, while the secondary data is any literature related with this study. The writer collects the data from both primary and secondary data sources by using library research. The technique of data analysis is descriptive technique. The results of the research show that: First, structural elements of Casanova movie built good production. Second, Casanova movie describes the needs for love and belongingness of Giacomo Casanova as major character. Third, Casanova is a playboy, but he must take a wife and he must be faithful to her.
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
Casanova movie is directed by Lasse Hallstrom and written by Jeffrey
Hatcher and Kimberly Simi. Distributed by Mark Gordon Productions, Walt
Disney Pictures, Buena. The producers in this movie are Mark Gordon, Leslie
Holleran, and Betsy Beers. The running time of Casanova movie is around 111
minutes. The release date of this movie was in 25 December, 2005. Genres of this
movie are Adventure, Comedy, Drama, and Romance. And this movie played by
Heath Ledger (Casanova), Jeremy Iron (Pucci), Sienna Miller (Fransesca), Lena
Olin (Lady Bruni), Oliver Platt (Papprizio) and more.
Casanova movie tells about histories of notorious playboy named
Giacomo Casanova. In Venice (1753) Giacomo Casanova is a notorious playboy.
One day he was caught leaving the bedroom of a novice nun, and one of the
leading prosecutors the inquisition, Pucci put him in the court. The Dago, a
political man who is Casanova’s friend, allow Casanova remain to stay in the city
, but with one condition, he must take a wife who has good personality and he also
must faithful with her. After that everyday Casanova has struggle to get a woman
who has good personality. When saw Victoria, a young maiden, he falling in love
with her. But to get Victoria, Casanova challenged to duel with Giovanni Bruni, a
young man who is very much in love with Victoria. However, when Casanova is
bested in swords in the challenge, he discovers that actually he parrying with
Giovanni's sister, Francesca. Fransesca is a woman who is writing of a
philosopher whose books espouse a woman's perspective. After discover
Fransesca, Casanova he comes to the realization that she's the woman he wants to
take to be his wife.
There are many responses toward Casanova Movie, there are which is
pros and there are also which is contra. First is a pros response about Casanova
movie. Some of example of pros response about Casanova movie is: Writer Cb
from United States (http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0402894/usercomments) said “It
was funnier than I thought; but the humor was not all that made this movie
excellent.”
The other example is from screenwriter (http://www.imbd.com/title/tt0402894/usercomment)
in United “CASANOVA States is a delightful comedy and farce with a tremendous cast of very talented actors. Heath
Ledger is a wonderful and witty CASANOVA, Sienna Miller delivers a delicious
performance, and Jeremy Irons, Oliver Platt and Lena Olin all add to the
humorous plot and story.”
Kevinbaley(http://www.epinions.com/review/mvie_mu1156246/content_2182100
78340) give comment that Casanova movie is “Well-acted and well-paced,
Casanova is a truly fun movie!”. After saw some of pros responses above we can
taking conclusion that many spectators who like watch Casanova movie because
Casanova movie is funny and humor. This movie is not seriously movies. Beside
that the character in this movie is wonderful.
The second response is cons about Casanova movie. Shopaholic_Man
(http://www.epinions.com/review/mvie_mu-1156246/content_218210078340)
said “Casanova I nearly fell asleep at the beginning of this period piece set in 18th
Century Venice, Italy, but I did wake up when the film started to move along (the
film is often tedious).”
Morgana(http://www.moviefone.com/movie/casanova/1054583/usercomments#ad
dacoment) “Casanova is a fun romp when you’re in the mood for one, and
probably tedious otherwise.”. According cons responses above can be take
conclusion that beside many people who like watch Casanova movie, there are
also who doesn’t so like this movie because they think that sometime this movie is
very boring.
In 2005-2006 Casanova movie became box office, because this movie
was very best seller in the market and the box office total was $11,193,738. In
2006 this movie was got awards from Central Ohio Film Critics Association, the
awards is COFCA Award with the category is Actor of the Year Heath Ledger
Also for The Brothers Grimm (2005), Brokeback Mountain (2005) and Lords of
Dogtown (2005). From Motion Picture Sound Editors, USA and the name of
awards is Golden Reel Award with the category as Best Sound Editing in Feature
Film Music Roy Prendergast (music editor) and Jamie Lowry (music editor). And
this movie also as nomination in Golden Trailer Awards with the category “Best
Romance”
There are four points that make this movie interesting. First point is
character and characterization. Giacomo Casanova played by Heath Ledger who is
handsome and he is perfect cast for act as Casanova. Casanova movie tells about
life of notorious playboy named Casanova who as major character. He is waiting
for true love after he never got love from his parents, because his father was dying
when he was 8 and his actress mother abandoned him to the care of his
grandmother while she traveled to London to perform. Beside he never got love
from his parents, he also will free from punishment with one condition he must
take a wife and he must marry with a woman who has good character and remain
faithful to her. And he finds his true love in Francesca.
Second, plot of this movie. In the 18th century, in Venice, Casanova is a
famous playboy and he was caught leaving when he in the bedroom of a recent
nun. The Doge, the ruler of the city, is sympathetic to Casanova, but cannot be too
gentle, to avoid trouble with the church. He claims to Casanova that he must
marry or leave the city. Casanova is in love with Francesca. But her mother forces
her to marry Paprizzio, a rich man from Genoa, whom she has never seen. When
Paprizzio arrives in Venice to meet with Fransesca, Casanova lies to him that the
hotel that he booked is closed, and invite him stay at his house. While Paprizzio,
preparing to visit Francesca, Casanova visits Francesca, and pretending become
Paprizzio. Later he admits to her that really and it makes her angry. Casanova is
caught for crimes against sexual morality. He protects Francesca by pretending to
be the author of the feminist books, which affect her very much. However, the
truth comes out and both are punished death. In the time, when they are will be
suspended at the city square, they are saved by a disguise announcement that the
Pope, because of his birthday, gives amnesty to all prisoners which were planned
to be executed on the day.
Third, property and custom also interesting point from Casanova movie.
Because this story was happened in 18th century, so the property and custom that
used in this movie still in the style of 18 th century, appropriate with that region.
For example, this movie still used horse and boat as transportation equipment.
Beside that, cart also used to support the story of this movie. There is no car or
motorcycle that using in this movie. When Casanova fought with Francesca and
her young brother, they used horse and also used sword as instrument that they
used to fought. Custom that wearing the actors still 18th century. The actors was
wearing shirt with vest and he always wearing boot, and to nobility wearing vault.
They have long hair that always bundled. And the actress wearing long dress with
curly hair that always hang loosely.
The last of interesting from this movie is the needs for love and
belongingness in the character of this movie. The character of Giacomo Casanova
is very dominant in the story. From beginning until ending always tell about
Casanova’s conflict. Needs for love and belongingness is applied by Casanova in
the story of this movie. When Casanova was barely a year old, her mother has
gone away and leave Casanova, and he stayed with his grandmother. Since his
mother was leave Casanova never gets love from his parent, because his father
was dying when he was 8. Because of that making Casanova lost his identity,
Casanova's search for an identity of his own was a preoccupation, and admitting
he was the son of a pair of actors never got him far. Casanova also needs love and
to be loved from others.
After understanding about Casanova movie, there is one point that we
must know. There are some reasons that make someone become playboy. One of
the reason is someone become playboy because they want to love and be loved
and paid attention from someone. In daily life a person needs to love and be loved
are sexually and non sexually by others. In the absence of those elements, many
people become feel loneliness, social anxiety, and depression. Because human
beings are born with the potential to love and be loved and they can not live
without love and relationship with others.
Considering the explanation and the fact above the writer is interested in
analyzing the needs for love and belongingness of Giacomo Casanova as the main
character with the title “NEEDS FOR LOVE AND BELONGINGNESS IN THE
CHARACTER OF GIACOMO CASANOVA IN CASANOVA MOVIE: A
HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACH”
B. Previous Study
Many students of English department have ever studied the humanistic
perspective analysis as a research problem. But, for the title Casanova never
studied by the students of English Department of Muhammadiyah University of
Surakarta, so the writer cannot make the comparison with the other researcher
because this research is the first study.
C. Problem Statement
Based on the title and background of the study, the writer formulates the
problem as follows, “How a needs for love and belongingness in the character of
Giacomo Casanova in Casanova movie (a humanistic psychological approach)”?
D. Limitation of the Study
The writer focuses on analyzing needs for love and belongingness of
Giacomo Casanova as main characters man in Casanova movie.
E. Objective of the Study
The objectives of the study are to analyze:
1. The Structural Element of Casanova Movie.
2. The character of Giacomo Casanova in Casanova movie based on humanistic
psychological perspective.
F. Benefit of the Study
The study is expected to give benefits as follows:
1. Theoretical Benefit: to give some contribution on understanding of Casanova
movie by a humanistic psychological approach.
2. Practical Benefit: To improve the researcher’s understanding and competence
in applying a humanistic psychological approach into literature.
G. Object of the Study
The object of this study is the needs for love and belongingness in the
character of Giacomo Casanova in the Casanova movie in humanistic
psychological approach.
H. Research Method
1. Type of Study
Type of the study is qualitative method besides book and other related
references to support the subject matter. Qualitative research is a type of
scientific research.
2. Type of Data and Data Source
The researches here uses qualitative. This is a library research, which
takes the source of the data from screenplay. The writer divides the data
source into two categories:
a. A Primary data source of the study is the Casanova movie.
b. Secondary data source are from the book, website and another data related
to this story and analysis.
3. Technique of Data Collection
The data collection is done through documentation or library research
some steps of collecting data are:
a. Watching the movie and reading the secondary data attentively.
b. Determining the major character that is analyzed.
c. Finding out and taking notes the important data.
d. Developing the provided data.
4. Technique of Data Analysis
The technique of data analysis used in this study is qualitative analysis.
The structural elements of the movie and the collected data are described and
analyzed in the detail through psychological approach, especially is a
humanistic psychological approach.
I. Research Paper Organization
To make the reader easy to this research, the writer uses the
organizational study as follows: Chapter I is introduction: this chapter involves
background of the study, problem statement, limitation of the study, objective of
the study, benefit of the study, research method and research organization.
Chapter II is underlying theory: this chapter deals with the notion of Humanistic
Psychology, the major of Humanistic Psychology, structural element of movie and
theoretical application. Chapter III is structural analysis, this chapter deals with
the structural analysis of the short Casanova movie. Chapter IV is humanistic
psychology analysis, this chapter explains the humanistic analysis of the
Casanova movie. Chapter V is conclusion and suggestion.
PROVING THE DIFFABLE’S INDEPENDENCE IN ARTHUR PENN’S THE MIRACLE WORKER: AN INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACH
ANWARI, MUHAMMAD (2009)
Abstract
The major problem of this study is to know how does proving the diffable’s independence reflected in Arthur Penn’s The Miracle Worker. The objectives of the study are: to analyze the movie based on its structural elements, and to analyze movie based on the individual psychology theory proposed by Alfred Adler. In conducting this study, the researcher uses qualitative research, in which the primary data is the play The Miracle Worker movie, and the secondary data is the other data related to the research such as some books of Individual Psychology theories, movie script, commentaries, internet and other relevant information. The result of the analysis shows that the personality of Annie Sullivan is influenced by her inferiority feeling to prove her independence and her striving for superiority to be a good teacher and independent person.
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
The Miracle Worker movie is a drama film which is directed by Arthur
Penn, and written by William Gibson, one of the great American artists. This
movie was released on July 28, 1962 in USA, and produced by Fred Coe with
Playfilm Productions as the company with total runtime around 107 minutes (1
hour 47 minutes), and distributed by United Artists. (http://www.imdb.com/title/
tt0056241/). The music of The Miracle Worker movie was arranged by Laurence
Rosenthal, and the cinematography was made by Ernesto Caparros. This movie
use English as the language and USA as the country in the process and also as the
setting of place (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TheMiracleWorker(1962_film)). The
Miracle Worker movie was starring by Alison Elliot, David Strathairn, Kate
Greenhouse, Lucas black, and Hallie Kate Eisenberg.
The director of The Miracle Worker is a man who has full name Arthur
Hiller Penn. He was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on September 27, 1922
(age 86). He is a film director and producer of some movies. He had made a lot of
great movies, such as Inside (1996), Penn & Teller Get Killed (1989), Dead of
Winter (1987), Target (1985), Four Friends (1981), The Missouri Breaks (1976),
Night Moves (1975), Little Big Man (1970), Alice's Restaurant (1969), Bonnie and
Clyde (1967), The Chase (1966), Mickey One (1965), The Miracle Worker (1962),
The Left Handed Gun (1958). Arthur Penn amassed a critically acclaimed body of
work though the 1960s and 1970s, keenly focusing on leftist themes relevant to
the times. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Penn).
The Miracle Worker tells about the life of a family which is set in Keller
home in Tuscumbia, Alabama (southern of U.S.). Captain Arthur Keller is the
head of this family who is hearty gentleman person. His wife is a young
gentlewoman with a sweet girlish face named Kate Keller. They have two
children, James Keller and Helen Keller that comes from different mother. The
center point of this family is on Helen Keller. Exactly she is a very smart little
girl, but since she got a scarlet fever in the age of 18 months, the illness leaves her
blind, mute, and deaf. Sealed off from the world, Helen cannot communicate with
anyone, nor anyone with her. Often frustrated and desperate, Helen flies into
uncontrollable rages and tantrums that terrify her hopeless family.
Then Captain Keller just thinking of if there only one last way to serve his
daughter, putting her into an asylum, but in other side his wife told that there must
be another way. Then, Helen’s aunt-Ev- proposes Captain Keller to send a letter to
Dr. Chisholm from Perkins Institute for the blind, but Dr. Chisholm cannot do
anything so that he recommends Dr. Alexander Bell to hold that problem. Finally,
the best student was pointed to teach Helen, her name is Annie Sullivan-the
Miracle Worker.
For the first time she came, Helen was in uncontrolled condition because
Mrs. Kate always gave her a sweet candy when Helen was in trouble. Annie was
so confidence to teach based on her background experiences as the same condition
as Helen was. Captain Keller did not believe at all on Annie’s ability to teach, but
Annie never gave up and always struggling to make Helen knows about the word
and its meaning.
Once upon a time, Captain gave a statement to Annie that he was not
satisfied with her work and think to fire her. But Annie is a very strong woman,
she asked for some days to prove that exactly Helen is normal and could be
taught. Annie ordered a small house in the Keller’s garden as the place to teach
Helen, she needed to live with Helen only. Captain accepted that requirement but
only in two weeks.
When Helen knew that she was left by her parent she became angry and
does not get in touch with Annie. This condition makes Annie confused but never
thinks desperate to teach. Annie did not want Helen became a different person in
her family, so Annie thinks she has to struggle to teach Helen with hand-moving
words. She has to prove that she can do it whether the Captain’s family was in
hopeless. Finally Annie woke Percy up to help her to persuade Helen for learning.
After two weeks, Captain came to fetch his daughter. Annie said that she
needs more time again, but captain refused it. As the result, in the first day Helen
back home and was in uncontrolled condition again. She did not want to eat by
using a spoon, and when she got a water pot, she sprinkled it to Annie
spontaneously. By that time Annie holds Helen to fill that pot with water by a
pump. In this scene the miracle occurred. When Helen touched water, she
remembered her first word “wa-wa”. Finally Annie was success to make Helen
come to speak a word and all of Kellers’ family members were pride to the
strength of Annie’s efforts which could become a miracle for Helen was a diffable
person.
There are many responses to the performance of The Miracle Worker
movie, some of them such as: from Alsantro in United States “The acting was
good. The script writing however was mediocre and lacked elements of
excitement. The plot line at times became uninteresting, but the ending was
dramatic and captivating. I found this movie to be of mediocre quality. I would
not consider the movie extremely entertaining, but would suggest watching it to
learn more about Helen Keller” (http://www.answers.com/ topic/the-miracle-
worker-play-3). The second comment came from Didier Tass who say that: “This
movie was one of the great American films--for the ages, and it was a story that
needed to be told” (http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0056241/#comment).
From those comments the writer could take a note that actually The
Miracle Worker movie have a good filming production and education value. It is
determined in the plot line, theme and of course in the character of the actors and
actresses.
Now we look at the other view to this dramatic movie from the film
industries. The miracle worker movie had been produced as the television show in
twice and also twice for the cinema, CD, and DVD version: first was directed by
Arthur Penn and second by Nadia Tass. This movie got much appreciation from
any organization. The results of awarding onto The Miracle Workers are as the
winner of 6 categories: from Academy Awards (USA), BAFTA Awards, Laurel
Awards, National Board of Review (USA), Photoplay Awards, and from San
Sebastián International Film Festival; and nominated in 10 categories in some
awards such as Writers Guild of America (USA), Golden Globes (USA),
Directors Guild of America (USA), BAFTA Awards, and Academy Awards.
The interesting points of this movie are seen from the character and
characterization, casting, and theme. The characters that mostly explored in this
movie are Annie Sullivan and Helen Keller. They individually have different
characterization. Annie Sullivan as the teacher -who brings the miracle into
Keller’s family- is an unstoppable person that never thinks to give up while facing
any problem in her life. The second major character of this movie is Helen Keller,
a little girl who has got a miracle in her life. Because of her handicap, she is often
being uncontrollable personality, but in other side she was a smart girl. Also the
other characters are supporting very well.
The other interesting point is the casting which were resulting the best
player to do the characters needs. Alison Elliot who plays the character for Annie
Sullivan is very smart and could be the best actress in this movie. Then Hallie
Kate Eisenberg as Helen Keller, she also become a miracle little actress in this
movie because in her young age she could play the role very well.
The last interesting point is on the theme. The theme of this movie is that
the diffable are not necessarily dependent upon others. The positive thinkers
would be said that they have to be an independent person despite of their physical
disability. Because all of people in this world need a change and transformation to
get a new or a better life. Because of this theme, the main character needs to solve
the problem with proving the independence of Helen to be received well in
Keller’s family.
As the audience, the writer also gives his comment onto this movie. The
struggle of Annie Sullivan to overcome the thing that seems impossible becoming
the dream does come true. It is very good character he ever seen, because it is
unique. In one side she was a hard woman, but in other side she was a smooth
teacher. Here the major character tries to prove the Helen’s –whom is diffable-
independence with all of spirit she have.
Literature is a permanent writing that expresses and communicates
thoughts, feelings and attitudes toward life and the world (George 1965: 16).
Meanwhile, psychology is the scientific study of behavior and the mind (Passer
and Smith, 2004: 3). Furthermore, Jatman (in Endraswara, 2003: 97) confirm that
there is a tight correlation between literature and psychology indirectly as well as
functionally. Psychology and literature have the same object indirectly, that is
human being. Functionally, psychology studies the real psyche while literature
studies the imaginative psyche.
Because of the most taken part on The Miracle Worker is the character and
characterization, so that the writer thinks it is most suitable to study based on the
main character. In this case the writer concludes that the most appropriate theory
would be use to analyze the data is an individual psychology.
According to Adler as quoted by Ryckman (1985: 95) Individual
Psychology is a science that attempts to understand the experiences and behavior
of each person as an organized entity, while psychology is a science which studies
mental processes and human behavior (Kartono, 1987:388).
Alfred Adler was born in the suburbs of Vienna on February 7, 1870, the
third child, second son, of a Jewish grain merchant and his wife. As a child,
Alfred developed rickets, which kept him from walking until he was four years
old. At five, he nearly died of pneumonia. It was at this age that he decided to be a
physician. Adler attended elementary and secondary school with neither problem
nor distinction (Feist, 1985: 60-61). He then entered the Vienna Medical School
and again completed work with no special distinction.
From the background explanation above the researcher is interested to
analyze the character of Annie Sullivan as the major character to prove the
diffable’s independence in that movie entitled “PROVING THE DIFFABLE’S
INDEPENDENCE IN ARTHUR PENN’S THE MIRACLE WORKER MOVIE:
AN INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACH”.
B. Literary Preview
Movie The Miracle Worker which is directed by Arthur Penn’s represents
a classical movie, which was released in 1962, but it is very interesting to be
analyzed because of its structural elements and its substances. As long as the
researcher knows, there is no research that has been conducted before, whether in
Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, Surakarta region or even for some
universities in Yogyakarta. So, this research is the first study that ever constructed
in Surakarta.
C. Problem Statement
Based on the background, the researcher proposes a single problem
statement. The major problem of the study is how does proving the diffable’s
independence reflected in Arthur Penn’s The Miracle Worker?
D. Limitation of the Study
This study is limited to the proving the diffable’s independence of Annie
Sullivan as the major character in the movie The Miracle Worker. This study uses
the theory of individual psychology developed by Alfred Adler. It is as a means of
analysis with consideration that human being has to struggle for proving
everything dealing with the truth and superiority, in which formulation and
development of personality are influenced by instability, unsatisfied and sometime
unconscious factor.
E. Objective of the Study
In line with the research questions proposed in the previous section, the
objectives of this research can be depicted as follows:
1. To analyze the movie based on its structural elements.
2. To analyze the movie based on the individual psychological approach.
F. Benefit of the Study
The beneficial of the study relates with:
1.Theoretical Benefit
The result of this study could provide the information to improve the
understanding and comprehending the knowledge in studying literature and
give contribution to literary studies on Arthur Penn’s The Miracle Worker
movie.
2.Practical Benefit
The elaboration of this research could be used to give clear knowledge
guidance for deeper understanding about the content of the play especially
from the individual psychological perspective.
G. Research Method
The research method covers type of research, object of data, source of
data, technique of data collection and technique of data analysis.
1.Type of research
This research use the descriptive qualitative method which is focuses on
the analysis of textual data.
2.Objects of the study
The researcher takes Arthur Penn’s The Miracle Worker movie that
released on 28 July 1962 (USA) as the object of study.
3.Data Source
There are two types of data source. The first is primary data source that
is the play of the movie The Miracle Worker directed by Arthur Penn. The
secondary data sources; consist of the other data related to
the research such as some books of Individual Psychology theories,movie script,
commentaries, internet and other relevant information.
Technique of Data Collecting
The method of collecting data in this research is library research, which
is collecting and recording both primary and secondary data. These
techniques are as follow:
a. Watching the play repeatedly and learning the script
b. Taking note of the important parts in both primary and secondary data
c. Identifying the topic of the movie
d. Determining the major character
e. Classifying and determining the relevant data
f. Arranging, researching and developing the selected materials into a good
unity toward the topic of the study Technique of Data analysis
The technique of data analysis is descriptive. It described the structural
elements of the movie and also analyzes it by using the individual
psychological approach.
H. Paper Organization
This research paper consists of five chapters. Chapter I is introduction, it
deals with background of the study, literary review, limitation of the study,
problem statement, objective of the study, benefit of the study, research method
and paper organization. Chapter II contains underlying theory of individual
psychology which will be used to analyze the movie. Chapter III presents the
structural elements analysis and discussion of the movie. Chapter IV deals with
analysis of theoretical aspect toward the impulse of courage and discussion. The
last is Chapter V that contains conclusion and suggestion of the research.
THE INFLUENCE OF LEARNING MODEL ON STUDENT’S PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT IN FREEDOM WRITERS MOVIE: EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY APPROACH
ASTUTI, WIWIN (2009)
Abstract
The major problem of this study is how the learning model can influence student’s personality development based on 1). Educational Psychology Approach, 2). Andragogy and 3). Learning models. In this research the writer employs the qualitative method. In this method she uses two data sources, namely primary data and secondary data sources. The primary data is the movie itself. The secondary data sources are books, internet, journal etc, and also the other sources which are related to the analysis. The methods of data collection are library research and technique of data collection is descriptive technique. Based on the analysis, the result of this study shows that the student’s personality in school can be formed by a teacher whom understands his/her roles as the teacher based on Educational Psychology and also he/she has to know the characteristic of the adult learners or it can be called as Andragogy science. From those things, the teacher will be able to formulate some learning models which are appropriate with the condition of the students. A teacher is an agent of change. He/she is not only expected to able to impart knowledge but also give positive influence to the students, so that they can form their way of thinking.
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
Freedom writers is a film based on true story which is taken from
The Freedom Writers Diary by teacher Erin Gruwell and her students. This
film is directed by Richard LaGravenese and produced by Michael Shamberg,
Danny Devito, and Stacey Sher. The location of making this film is in Los
Angeles, California USA. The major characters are starred by Hillary Swank
(Erin Gruwell), Imelda Staunton (Margaret Campell), and Aprill Lee
Hernandez (Eva Benitez). This film is released in January 5 th, 2007 in United
Stated.
The Freedom Writers film tells about problems in education
institution, racism, gang members among students, juvenile delinquents, and
underprivileged students. The problems in education institution are such as
teaching-learning process and school policy which have to be faced by Erin
Gruwell as a new teacher. In the racism problem it appears when Erin
watches as separates racial territories that are created within the room, as the
students take their seats: the back right section is filled by black gang
members, and the Latinos sit on the back left side of the room. Besides, The
Asians take seat on the front right and one Caucasian boy sits in the front.
Erin feels shock when she sees the riot a fight among gang war in and out her
classroom. Almost all her students are underprivileged students. Most of them
go to school taking three buses and almost ninety minutes to arriving at the
school and they also do not have good capability in reading lesson. In
addition, her students do not obey her and continuously talk back to her. At
the beginning her teaching, Erin never gets respect from her students.
Erin never surrenders to change her student’s behavior and attitude.
Although she does not get support from another, she has conviction that she
can do the best for her job. She tries several methods in her teaching-learning
process. She invites Holocaust survivors to talk with her students about their
experience and then takes them on a trip to The Museum of Tolerance. Erin
also asks for them to read The Diary of a Young Girl or Anne Frank s Diary.
Her colleagues and her department chair of Wilson High School regard her
methods as an unorthodox so they scorn her. Erin tries not to care. She thinks
that she has to make changing. She knows that her students do not only need
theory in classroom but also they need real experience.
Her methods do not get support from her school in realizing her
purposes; she takes two part-time jobs and spends more time at school. That
thing makes her husband, Scoot, protest her and finally Erin has to separate
from her husband. In other side she has never imagined previously that there
is changing in her student’s behavior and attitude. Her methods are
successful. At the last, Erin compiles her students’ stories in a book and it is
named The Freedom Writers Diary.
A literary work reflects life with all complex problems in its human
life. It is illustration from many life aspects, such as social, politic, culture,
law, education, and religion. Every literary work appears, it will invite
response from someone else whether that is support or not. A film is one of
parts of literary work which its appearance is influenced by certain public
background. This is likewise with Freedom Writers movie. This movie is
taken from The Freedom Writers Diary which is compiled by teacher Erin
Gruwell.
The movie also invites various arguments from viewers, either pro
and contradiction comments. They who give good comment come from
Eleanor and Claudia. Eleanor Ringel Gillespie from Atlanta Journal
Constitution) states that Erin is a really inspiring teacher to her students
although she teaches bad students in the bad school and bad area. She gives
new spirit in that school. She inspires her students to get happiness and to
become a leader until they can become writers who have desire and spirit to
their roles. (www.accessatlanta.com/movie/movie/etc/getcriticrevew. JSPD?
criticreviewID=883). Claudia Pluig from USA TODAY also adds that
Freedom Writers is really an inspiring drama for adolescent and it has well-
meaning for them. (www.USAtoday.com/life/movie/review/2007-01-09.
Freedomwriters_htm).
The Freedom Writers Movie tells about the behavior of the students
in a school, which has bad setting and effect for them. If the students are
allowed to have bad behavior, it would be a dillema. But there is a hero,
named Erin Gruwell, who has succeed to change the students’ behavior. This
movie is good for teacher especially, and the whole viewer generally, to get
reference related to the method or the way to handle and manage the bad
behavior of the students because the students are responsibility of the teacher
in school. Here, the function of teacher is as the facilitator to the students’
education development and psychology.
Otherwise, this is from a Cristian Perpective who gives contradiction
comment. The man said that he was disappointed to that movie. After he
watched the movie, he went out and bought book that entirely told about
student own stories. It was not story between teacher and her students. As a
teacher, he was not sure how Erin Gruwell could do so much for her students.
He thought that Erin’s techniques would influence his entirely life whereas
teaching was something difficult without must take second job. Here, Erin
took part time job to support her program so he thought that it was impossible
(http://insear chchofatext.blogspot. com/ 2007/ 09/freedom writers diary.
html).
The role of the teacher in this movie is quite great, because usually
the teacher cannot do so much, especially in changing the students’ behavior.
In the reality, the teacher just transfers the knowledge to the students.
One of appreciations to literary work is an award. Although Freedom
Writers movie does not yet enter box office but this movie has gotten some
awards, among other things are in 2007 Freedom Writers won a Humanitas
Price Award for feature film category and Richard LaGravenese as a
recipient. In 2008, this movie got nominated in Image award for outstanding
writing in a motion picture (Theatrical or Television) category and Richard
LaGravenese as a recipient (www.Imdb.com/title/tt0463998/awards).
Freedom Writers film is entitled to get awards because this film
obviously has interesting story. It is about individual uniqueness which comes
from different racism. This thing causes students diversity in the classroom.
They have self background and self experience which influence one
personality. This is shown by behavior such as anarchistic, obstinate, not
respect each other, and introvert. They behave like that because they ever got
and saw rude behavior in past time. When they study in the school, the fact is
the school police never try to change their problems. The school only makes
students to obey the teacher and to learn discipline. The students in Wilson
High School need development and become a mature person.
Fortunately, a new teacher joins on that school. The new teacher
brings changing to the students need. Erin Gruwell as a new teacher in that
school combines learning-teaching model. She knows that her students not
only need theories in the classroom but also need experience outside. She
thinks how to teach adult learners. She is an inspiring teacher. She encourages
and reinforces her students. She wants her students better than now. She
educates them to realize that everyone has chance to take important role in his
life. A good teacher will create good students. The good students will have
good personality. The good personality can be formed by education. The
education can change man’s way of thinking and man’s future. In education
people will learn about knowledge, moral, science, and etc.
In education teacher has many roles in teaching-learning process.
(Richard 2001: 7-8) explains that there are some roles of a teacher in teaching
learning process such as:
First, an instructional expert is a teacher who has roles to facilitate and
plan learning activities and also evaluate the outcome of students’ experience.
Second, teacher as a manager, it means that a teacher must be able to arrange
the classroom and help development of the learning process. Third, teacher as
a counselor is a role where a teacher has to realize diversity of the students in
the classroom. They have various kind development issues, additional emotion
or societal stressors. Here, the function of teacher as a counselor must take
appropriate referral to others expert when necessary in facilitating learning.
This role will help a teacher to arrange the lesson plan and take
learning model which is appropriate with student psychology. A teacher who
considers those things will make teaching-learning process become effective.
Learning and teaching are essential in education world. There is no
education without learning. So it has important meaning in human
development. Muhibbin (2007: 59) explains that learning has important sense
to human life. By learning human can take important decision in their life.
People know that learning is a mean to defend human life and create
better civilization. As far as people know that they learn not only in formal
education but also they can learn by daily experiences from their life. Of
course these will give big influence toward their personality. A good teacher is
demanded to be able to combine the theories of learning so necessary of
students can fulfill by education process.
In essence education is to foster better students, form independent
students who have responsible to them selves without ignoring that they are
social creatures. Learning is a process of becoming person not process of
being shaped according to willing another person. In learning activity has to
involve individual in thinking process: what they want and what they do to
fulfill that wish. This principle is well-know as andragogy psychology.
(www.geocities.com/teknologipembelajaran/andragogi.html)
The theory of andragogy psychology is also called as adult education.
(Lunandi, 1984: 3-4) delivers that learning is a process independent interaction
which is centered on learner. Adult learners have motivation to study because
they feel unsatisfied with their behavior. Changing of the behavior can be
reached if content and learning model are appropriate with students necessary.
Adult learners are often regarded as an independent people, so they
have responsibility in learning. Therefore, the teacher has to consider content
and learning model, which is suitable with the adult learners.
From the explanation above, the writer knows that to educate adult
learners different with young learners. Adult learner is as independent person
and have responsible toward their selves. Thus the writer interest to analyze
“The Influence of Learning Method on Student’s Personality Development in
Freedom Writers Movie: Educational Psychology Approach.”
B. Literature Review
Freedom Writers movie is an interesting movie to analyze. This is the
first research in UMS, UNS or Surakarta regional. Further, in this study, the
writer studies Freedom Writers movie based on Andragogy and Educational
Psychology Approach. The writer focuses on learning method which is used in
that school.
C. Problem Statement
After analyzing the explanation above, the writer formulates problem
statement. As that is; how does learning model influence student’s personality
development?
D. Limitation of the Study
To carry out the study, the writer needs to limit the study. The writer
is going to analyze learning model which is done by Erin Gruwell as a teacher
and the major character in Freedom Writers movie based on andragogy and
educational psychology approach.
E. Objectives of the Study
Based on the problem that has been stated above, the writer states the
following objectives:
1. To analyze Freedom Writers movie based on its structural elements of
movie.
2. To analyze Freedom Writers movie based on educational psychology
approach, andragogy, and learning models.
F. Benefits of the Study
The study of Freedom Writers movie which is based on educational
psychology approach has two benefits. They are:
1. Theoretically, this research will add and improve the study of literature as
a part of knowledge.
2. Practically, the result of this study will add and improve the writer’s
knowledge especially about educational psychology. And also this study
can develop the writer’s ability in applying in the real world if the writer
becomes a teacher.
G. Research Method
The research is qualitative method, there are 4 elements involved:
1. Object of the Study
The object of the study is Freedom Writers movie directed by Richard
LaGravenese.
2. Type of the Data and Data Source
The writer takes the data from two resources, namely primary and
secondary data source.
a. The primary source is every data of the Freedom Writers movie
directed by Richard LaGravenese which is related to the study.
b. The secondary source is from all referential data. It can be from book,
internet, journal, and etc.
3. Technique of the Data Collection
The method used in this study is library research by collecting and
recording both of the primary and the secondary data. Some steps of
collecting data applied in this study are as follows.
a. Watching the movie repeatedly.
b. Identifying the topic of the movie.
c. Determining the major character that will be analyzed.
d. Reading some related books to find out the theory, data, and
information required.
e. Taking notes of important information both primary and secondary
data sources.
f. Arranging and developing the selected data into a good unity toward
the topic of the study.
4. Technique of the Data Analysis
Firstly, the writer views the primary data repeatedly to reach more
understanding of source. Secondly, the writer takes, compare, quote, and
study others data to reach information. Finally, the writer classifies the
data into some categories and develops into a good unity.
H. Research Paper Organization
The writer organizes the research in order to make easier to
understand. The contents of this research based on the following arrangement
Chapter I is introduction. This part consists of background of the
study, literature review, problem statement, limitation of the study, objectives
of the study, benefits of the study, research method, and research paper
organization.
Chapter II is underlying theory. It consists of notion of educational
psychology, major principles of educational of psychology, notion of
andragogy, major principles of andragogy, learning model, and structure
element of movie.
Chapter III is structure analysis of the movie. It involves structure
element of the movie.
Chapter IV is educational psychological analysis.
Chapter IV is conclusion and suggestion.
SELF-ACTUALIZATION IN ROBERT LUKETIC’S LEGALLY BLONDE : A HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACH.
Anggraini, Tia (2009)
Abstract
This study aims to explore the self-actualization of the major character on her personality. The objective of the research is to analyze the movie based on its structural elements and to analyze the major character based on psychological perspective. The researcher employs a qualitative method. In this method, the researcher uses two data sources, namely primary and secondary data sources. The primary data source is the movie itself. The secondary data sources are the books about humanistic psychological and the other sources such as internet. The method of data collection is library research and the technique of data analyzing is descriptive technique. The result of this study shows that ; firstly the structural elements of the movie consist of character and characterization, casting, plot, point of view, theme, cinematography, mise-en-scene, sound and editing. Secondly, the psychological analysis shows that self-actualization has nothing to do with hair color.
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
Legally Blonde is movie directed by Robert Luketic, produced by
Marc E Platt, published by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer studios and starring by
Reese Whiters poon. The year of producing the movie is in 2001. It is based on
the 2001 novel of the same name by Amanda Brown and the writers of screen
play are Karen Mc Cullah Lutz and Kirsten Smith
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ legally-blonde). The duration of the movie is
one hour 36 minutes. The country of the movie is USA and use English as
language. This movie is a comedy romantic movie because the story of the
movie uses comedy genre. Some actors and actresses that support this movie
are Reese Witherspoon, Luke Wilson, Selma Blair, Matthews Davis, Victor
Garber, Jennifer Coolidge, Holland Taylor and many more. The production
targets teenagers (girls more than boys) who are content to watch a motion
picture with a few laughs and happy ending. Like many comedies, Legally
Blonde wants the plot to be more than a frame work upon which to hang the
jokes, but it fails to provide enough substance for that to be case
(http://www.reelviews.net/movies/1/legally-blonde.html).
The director of Legally Blonde movie, Rober Luketic, was born in
Sidney, New South Wales, Australia in 1973. He was graduated from
Victorian College of the Arts (VCA) in Melbourne, Australia. Luketic jumps
to filmography as director and writer. Films are directed by Robert Luketic
such as Titsiana Booberni (1997), Legally Blonde (2001), Win a Date With
Tad Hamilton (2004), Mosnter -In Law (2005), Women In Law (2006), Pilot
(2006), and the newest is 21 (2008). (http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0250494).
The story of Legally Blonde movie tells about Elle Woods (Reese
Witherspoon) that has it all. She’s the president of her sorority, a Hawaiian
Tropic Girl, Miss June in her campus calendar and she is natural blonde. She
has a boyfriend, the cutest boy on campus named Warner (Mathew Davis) and
he wants nothing more the to be Mrs.Warner Huntington III
(http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0250494). But there is paradigm that the Blonder
girl is not serious girl so the boy friend broke their loves. Elle proves she can
be serious girl and proves her talent and capacities as a lawyer in Harvard Law
School. But Law School is far from comfort. Elle must wage the battle of her
life, for her love, for herself and for all the blonder who suffer endless
indignities everyday. In the end of story, Elle can actualize her abil ity as a
lawyer by win the murderer case and she also get her new soul mate in the law
school.
This movie got various responses from the public. There are two
responses from audience, that is pro and contra. Some peoples are pro with
this movie, while some other else are contra. The people who pro with this
movie or like this movie is, for Steve Loucks he realizes that Legally Blonde
has, totally capture the heart of many an audience member especially the
tween-to-teen set
(http://steveonbroadway.blogspot.com/2007/05/legally-
blonde-sob-review.html). In other side, the people who doesn’t like this movie
is JE De Matteo. Personally he didn’t like this movie. He enjoyed the scenery,
but he felt he wasted his time. Here are some adjectives used by De Matteo to
draw this movie : dumb, painful, superficial (http://hugereviews.com/movies/
legally -blonde.html). Althought there are pro contra to this movie, the
response of the market is very good. This movie get a lot of income from it
first release at 13 July 2001. This movie can pierce the box office with the
total income in the amount of US $ 95.001.351 (http://www.rottentomatoes.
com..m/legally-blode/). The income is very big because this movie gets big
attention from market especially teen audience that become target of this
movie. From the movie industry word, this movie also get good response. This
movie was a Golden Globe Award nominee for Best Picture-Musical or
Comedy and Witherspoon’s performance also received a nomination for best
actress-musical or comedy (http://movies.yahoo.com/movie/1804857429/
awards ).
The Legally Blonde movie is interesting to be researched because it has
same point interest. According to the researcher, the point interests of this
movie are in plot, c inematography and the acting of the actress.
The plot of the movie flows from exposition until ending regularly so the audience can
understand the away of story well and the way of story does not broken off.
According to review by James Berardinelli, this movie combines three plot
staples: the triumph over adversity, the romantic comedy and the courtroom
comedy (http://www.reelviews.net/movies/1/legally-blonde.html). The other
point interest is cinematography. The setting of the places is very good,
however, it is indoor or outdoor. The sound mix use DTS-stereo, so the sound
is very good (http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0250494/). The last point interest is
the acting of actress especially Reese Wiherspoon. She has basically grown up
in front of camera, has previously shown a strong grasp of both comedy and
drama,and this is the most effective satirical performance
(http://steveonbroadway.blogspot.com/2007/05/legally-bloden-sob-review.
html). Besides, Reese Witherspoon’s funny, nuanced performance makes this
movie better than it would have been other wise
(http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/legally-blode/).
The story of Legally Blonde movie is suitable with Maslow’s self-
actualization. Self-actualization is one of the Hierarchy of Needs in
Humanistic psychology. Humans are created in the world with many kinds of
need those are need to survive. These needs are various kinds and arranged
from lower needs to highest needs. The lower needs should be fulfilled before
the highest needs if someone wants satisfy his life. The kinds of need
according to Maslow are physiological needs, needs for safety, needs for love
and belonginess, self-esteem needs and self-actualization needs. Human
should show their abilities, capabilities and talents to get self-actualization as
the highest needs.
Maslow’s self-actualization is born to create one’s talent and
capacities. It involves of human’s potential, accept one and other in their
society as unique individual and using a problem centered approach to
situation (Maslow in Huffman and Vernoy, 1987:493). Someone is called he
has talent and capacities in his life by using his capability. Maslow says that
the specific form that the self-actualizing takes varies greatly from person to
person. It is at this level, that individual differences are greatest (Maslow in
Hall, 1985:206). Self -actualization is one of fundamental needs in humanistic
psychological theory. Humanistic psychology views human as active creature
with freedom. They are able to choose and develop life style (Hjelle and
Zielger, 1992:440).
Considering the explanation and the fact above, the researcher is
interested in analyzing the needs for self-actualization of Elle as the main
character with the title “Self-actualization in Robert Luketic’s Legally
Blonde : A Humanistic Psychological Approach”.
B. Literature Review
There is a researcher who has studied on Robert Luketic’s Legally
Blonde “Gender Equality in Robert Luketic’s Legally Blonde : Feminist
Approach”. She was Zanita, the student of Muhammadiyah University of
Surakarta. Her research focused on gender equality
by using feminist approach.
From the previous researcher above, the writer intends to complete the
previous Research and to enrich the similar research. In this research, the
researcher is going to apply this research in different approach. The researcher
takes the humanistic psychological approach to reveal needs for self-
actualization of Elle Woods as one of main character in this movie.
C. Problem Statement
Based on the background of the research, the researcher proposes a
problem statement. The problem of this research is “How is self-actualization
of Elle Woods reflected in Robert Luketic’s Legally Blonde?”
D. Limitation of the Study
The researcher limits her analysis for understanding people’s struggle
to actualize her ability reflected in Legally Blonde movie directed by Robert
Luketic. The researcher investigated Elle Woods as the major character by
using an approach of Humanistic Psychology.
E. Objective of the Study
According to problem statement above, the objectives of the research
are as follows:
1. to analyze the movie in terms of its structural elements, and
2. to analyze the movie based on humanistic psychological approach
F. Benefit of the Study
The result of this research is expected to give some benefits as follows:
1. Theoretical Benefit
This research will give some contributions to the body knowledge,
particularly the application of feminism approach in literary study
2. Practical Benefit
a. For the researcher her self
The result of this study will improve the researcher’s knowledge of
people’s struggle to actualize her ability as reflected in the Legally
Blonde movie.
b. For the other researcher
This study can be used as reference for the other researcher who
interested research Legally Blonde movie using other approach
G. Research Method
1. Type of the Research
This research uses descriptive qualitative method. Descriptive qualitative
method is a research which employs the method of collecting, describing,
classifying and analyzing the data and then drawing conclusion.
2. Object of the Study
The object of the study is Legally Blonde movie. This movie is directed by
Robert Luketic and written by Karen Mc Cullah Lutz and Kirsten Smith.
Published by Metro Goldwyn Mayer Studios.
3. Type of the Data and Source of the Data
The type of the data is the text, image and scene of movie entitled Legally
Blonde directed by Robert Luketic. The writer divides the data source into
two categories, they are primary data source and secondary data source.
a. Primary data source
The primary data source of the study is Legally Blonde movie that is
directed by Robert Luketic and written by Karen Mc Cullah Lutz and
Kirsten Smith. Published by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios.
b. Secondary data source
The writer takes the secondary data source, including reference and
materials related to the study whether taken from internet. The script of
the movie is downloaded from internet and it is added by the
researcher to reach the completeness.
4. Method of the Data Collection
The method of data collection in this study is the library research. It
involves both primary and secondary data. The ways of collecting data are
as follows:
a. Watching the movie several times and determining the character that
will be analyzed.
b. Reading some related books to find out the theory, data and
information.
c. Making notes of important parts in both primary and secondary data.
d. Classifying the data into categories
e. Drawing conclusion to get last result.
5. Me thod of the Data Analysis
The method in analyzing the data is descriptive analysis, in which the data
collected, described and then analyzed. It concerns with the relationship
between the movie and the humanistic psychological approach theory to
show how self-actualization is reflected in the story.
H. Research Paper Organization
The researcher organizes the research paper into five chapter. Chapter I
is the introduction which consists of backgr ound of the study, previous study,
problem statement, limitation of study, objective of the study, benefit of the
study, theoretical approach, research method, technique of data analysis and
research paper organization. Chapter II is underlying theories that explains
humanistic psychological perspective and structural elements of the movie.
Chapter III is analysis of the movie, it includes the structural elements of
movie. Chapter IV is humanistic psychological analysis that deals with the
discussion. Chapter V draws conclusion and suggestion.
SELF ACTUALIZATION OF OLIVER IN CHARLES DICKEN’S OLIVER TWIST: A HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACH
AMUNGKASI, HANIF LUTFIANA (2009)
Abstract
The problem of this study is how the major character, Oliver actualizes himself in Oliver Twist’s Of Oliver. The objective of this study is to analyze Oliver Twist’s Of Oliver based on the structural element and Maslow’s humanistic psychological approach. This study belongs to qualitative research. In this method, there are two types data sources which are used, namely primary and secondary data sources. The primary data source is the novel itself. The secondary data source is taken from books and other sources which support the analysis. The method of data collection is library research and technique of data collection is descriptive technique. Having analyzed the novel, the writer draws that Oliver, the major character of the novel can actualize himself although he is cripple. It can be known from his life that he can pass the four basic needs (Physiological needs, Safety needs, Love and Belongingness needs, Self esteem needs) and has the fifteen characteristics of Self-actualization.
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
In this life, human beings must have needs from the basic needs to the
higher needs. It also can change from time to time. Therefore, they must
choose what needs that must be fulfilled first. Usually they tend to fulfill the
major needs first before others, as Maslow states; “...we human beings have to
meet certain basic needs of survival first, before we can even think about
needs on the next higher level”. (Papalia and Olds, 1995: 497). He also gives
example of the condition; “If you are hungry and thirsty, you will tend to try to
take care of thirst first. After all you can do without food for weeks, but you can
only do without water for a couple of days! Thirst is a “stronger” need than
hunger” (Boeree//www.ship.edu.com).
The phenomena above can also be found in literary work especially in
novel. One of the novels that show the fact above is Charles Dicken’s
Oliver Twist. This novel talk about a man named Oliver who lost their parents
and live in orphanage suddenly he goes away. He meets the crime. They force
Oliver to help them to do the crime. Finally Oliver free and meet their parent.
Charles Dickens’ novels are useful, easy, and pleasant to be read.
Among the lists are Oliver Twist (1837), Nicholas Nickleby (1838), A
Christmas Carol (1843), David Copperfield (1849), Hard Time Tale of Two
Cities (1859), Great Expectation (1860), et cetera (Samekto, 1998: 84). In
Oliver Twist, the story echoes the lower people especially the orphan
children who lived in unsanitary workhouses; children labor and slavery
trade was made illegal. For a long time, one of England’s major problems
had been the support of paupers, whose numbers steadily increased (Kaste,
1965:
7). In 1834, slavery was entirely abolished in British possessions
(Kaste, 1965: 7). Bloy (2002: 1) states that, “One of the most far-reaching
pieces of legislation of the entire Nineteenth Century was the 1834 Poor Law
Amendment Act (PLAA) which abolished systems of poor relief that had
existed since the passing of Elizabethan Poor Law of 1601”.
Oliver Twist deals mainly with poverty and crime—the harvest of
social dereliction (Kaste,1965: 13).Accordingly, Dickens implacably hated all
individuals, institutions, and systems that he regarded as inimical to the flow
of natural human goodness (Kaste, 1965: 13). He lays great stress upon the
efficacy environment in the development of character and regulation of
conduct (Kaste, 1965: 13).
For the reason above, researcher intends to conduct a study on
humanistic psychological approach. By so doing, she gives the title
“SELF ACTUALIZATION OF OLIVER IN CHARLES DICKENS’ OLIVER
TWIST: A HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACH”.
B. Literature Review
There are some researchers who conducted different studies of Charles
Dickens' Oliver Twist. Among the lists are “Children Abuse in Oliver Twist: A
Genetic Structuralism” by Evi Nurhidayati. Marxist approach was conducted
by Rulik Wahyuwinati in her study entitled “Class Struggle of Charles Dickens’
Oliver Twist: A Marxist Analysis” and “Comparison between the Novel and
Movie Version of Charles Dickens’ Oliver Twist: A Structural Analysis” by
Renyta Ika Wahyuni.
The present study focuses on the sociological perspective.
Another researcher has never been conducted this study before at least among the
University students in Surakarta.
In this research,the writer will try to analyze SELF
ACTUALIZATION OF OLIVER IN CHARLES DICKEN’S OLIVER TWIST
novel based on A HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACH.
C. Focus of the Study
The problem of the study is “How is the self actualization of the major
character reflected of Oliver in Charles Dicken’s of Oliver Twist?”
D. Limitation of the Study
The writer limits the study on the major character viewed from
humanistic psychological approach.
E. Objective of the Study
The objectives of the study are as follows;
1. Analyzing the novel based on its structural elements.
2. Analyzing the novel based on humanistic psychological perspective.
F. Benefit of the Study
The benefits of this study are as follows:
1. Theoretical Benefit
To give contribution to the body of knowledge, particularly the
aspect of humanistic psychological study.
2. Practical Benefit
In this research, the writer wants to give some contributions to the
development of literary study. In addition, it would help another
researcher who wants to examine Charles Dicken’s works especially
Oliver Twist.
G. Research Method
1. Type of the Study
This research is descriptive research whose object is to describe the
actual user of the language for communication. The nature is not to test
and to prove, but to explore and to describe. As Ary (1983: 94) qualitative
research studies are designed to obtain information concerning the current
states of phenomena. They are directed to ward determining the nature for
the situation, as it exists at the time of the study. The aim is to describe
what exists with respects to the variables of condition. In slignty different
way, Moleong (in Abdurahman and Soejono, 1999 :26) stated that
Qualotative research is a research which does not use statistic data. “it
does not present the data” and research result in the form of digits or
statistic but it yields the data and the results in theform of phenomena
description.
The reearch is qualitative, the data collected is in the form of
words rather than number. The qualitative data consists of detailed
description of situation, events, people interaction and observed
behaviours, direct question from the people abuot their experiences
attitude, beliefs, thougts and excerpts or entire passage from documents,
correspondence recordsand case histories
2. Object of the Study
The object of the study is Oliver in Charles Dicken’s “Oliver
Twist“novel (1837).
3. Type of the Data and the Data Source
a. There are two sources of data, primary and secondary data sources. a.
Primary data is Oliver in Charles Dicken’s “Oliver Twist”Novel
b. Secondary data are from other books, thesis, and other sources that
related to the research.
4. Technique of the Data Collection
The data collection is done through documentary or library
research that is the writer seeks the data from printed media, novel in this
case, as the primary data and the other sources as the secondary data.
These following steps are the procedure to conduct the study: first,
the writer will read the novel repeatedly, second; the writer will take
important notes in both primary and secondary data which are relevant to
the study. The third, is writing down the important data and the fourth, is
arranging the data into several part based on the classification.
5. Technique of the Data Analysis
The data were analyzed is using descriptive qualitative analysis.
This is an interpretation of the text and the context analysis to humanistic
psychological in Oliver Twist.
H. Research Paper Organization
To report this research, the writer divides the research into five
chapters, namely: Chapter I is the introduction which consists of background
of the study, literary review, problem statement, limitation of the study,
objective of the study, benefits of the study, theoretical approach and paper
organization. In Chapter II, the writer comprises the underlying theory consist
of humanistic psychological theory. Chapter III is the structural elements of
the novel. Chapter IV is humanistic psychological analysis emphasize on self
actualization suffered by the major character. Chapter V consists of
conclusion and suggestion.
MARGUERITE’S STRUGGLE AGAINST RACIAL DISCRIMINATION IN MAYA ANGELOU’S I KNOW WHY THE CAGED BIRD SINGS : AN INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACH
ARINTO, DENI (2009)
Abstract
The major problem of this study is how racial discrimination is reflected in the major character namely Marguerite Johnson in the novel Maya Angelou’s I Know Why the Caged Bird Sing based on individual psychological approach. Therefore, the aims of this study are to analyze the structural elements of the novel and to analyze the novel based on individual psychology perspective. The researcher employs qualitative research method. In this method, the researcher uses two data resources, namely; primary and secondary data sources. The primary data source is the novel Maya Angelou’s I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings itself. While, the secondary data source is the books about psychological, philosophy and the other sources related to the analysis. The method of data collection is library research and the technique of data collection is descriptive technique. Based on the social historical background of United States at the middle of twentieth century social discrimination happened between races, blacks and whites. The black people try to fight against racial discrimination to get social equality and integrity. The author wishes the integration both black and white in their social relation in society.
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of Study
I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings is a famous novel. It is written by
Maya Angelou in 1969. In 1970, it was published by Random House. This
novel is the first Angelou’s works of autobiographies. It consists of 239 pages
and thirty-six chapters. Angelou uses a woman as major character, named
Marguerite or Rita or Maya. Marguerite has kinky hair, black skin, small and
squinty eyes. She always tries to be brave, strong, clever and care of anybody
and society where she lives.
The story begins with the condition of Rita when she was three years
old. Marguerite Johnson, nicknamed Rita, is a product of broken home and as
a child is sent to live with her grandmother in depression era, Arkansas. Her
grandmother owns a large grocery and it is a solace for Maya to be a part of it.
When she is seven, Maya and Bailey, her brother, are sent to St. Louis to live,
with their mother. There, she is raped by mother’s boyfriend, and after this
trial he is lynched. Her brooding to much for the family to bear, and the two
children are sent back to the grandmother in Arkansas, where Maya begins to
realize how inferior blacks are considered to be.
After Bailey wits the brutal treatment of black corpse, their mother
takes them to live in California. For a time, Maya lives with her father in
South, then she joins her mother and Bailey in San Francisco.
One summer during their teen years, she vacations with her father in South and has a tight
with her father’s girlfriend. She runs away and lives briefly in an abandoned
Junkyard with homeless children. After returning she gets a job as the first
black conductor on the city Street-cars. During her first voluntary sexual
experience she become pregnant and gives birth to a son. She, whose feel
awkward, gains; a sense of which she is and learns how to make her way
would instead of opposing it.
In other hands, the public response is important to know how popular
the work is. Many people say that all of Maya Angelou’s work including
poets, dramas, and screenplays and novels, especially I Know Why the Cage
Bird Sings are great. Maya Angelou is something of a living legend in the
recent history of Black Americans. Barry Taylor and Sharon Taylor do not
accept most of the people belief.
They believe that the book is vulgar, poor literature and inappropriate
using by the public schools for young people of any ages. They argue that it
discussed rape, violence, and racism, some times in graphic terms, makes it
inappropriate (www.craftononline.com). I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings
are included an autobiographical novel in which deals with racism.
I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings is a famous autobiographical novel.
Autobiographical novel is a novel within which use the facts or based on true
story. After being published, it was nominated for a National Book Award and
Maya Angelou called "Magnum Opus" because of this. In 1975, Angelou
received the Ladies Home Journal Woman of the Year Award in
Communications. She was appointed by President Carter to the Commission of
International Women’s year and is on the Board of Trustees of American Film
Institute. One of the few women members of Directors Guild, Maya Angelou
is author of the television screenplay I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings.
Angelou’s I Know Why the Cage Bird Sings is an interesting novel. It
can be seen from the way Maya Angelou in combining the structural elements
to become a whole as a novel in order to help the reader to understand through
those structural elements. The structural elements include the character and
characterization, theme, plot, setting and style. This novel consists of four
major characters and twenty-two minor characters.
The minor characters support major characters so that the novel looks
alive. This novel also uses progressive plot (straight plot). Each event causes
the next event, so that it arranges orderly. The theme is clearly a political and
social criticism in America. It relates with the two settings that complete the
theme; settings of place are Arkansas, St. Louis, Missouri, California and
setting of time is 1930s.
I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings is an autobiography of Maya
Angelou’s life. This is the first from six autobiographies. The reader can
follow how the life of Maya Angelou seeing from her autobiography’s novels.
The reader also introduced the history of society of United States in 1930s.
On the other hand, Angelou’s I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings is the
controversial novel. Maya gathers two different worlds, Black and White.
Angelou is including a woman black novelist deals with racism.
Racial discrimination is the major case happened in this novel. Racism influences all
element of black’s life. It is institutionalized and seems overwhelming to black
so that one of major character tries to against it with her own way. This novel
inspired her to produce the other works including poems, drama, screen play
that deals with racism.
In I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, the writer can see social
mobility condition which happens to the main character. Based on the fact, the
writer tries to break down the problem in Maya Angelou’s I Know Why the
Caged Bird Sings by using individual psychological approach. In this study,
the writer encourages to do a research entitled “MARGUERITE’S
STRUGGLE AGAINST RACIAL DISCRIMINATION IN MAYA
ANGELOU’S I KNOW WHY THE CAGED BIRD SINGS : AN
INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACH”
B. Literature Review
The novel, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, is a popular literary
work. The theme brought makes the people are interested to know it. There are
many researchers that have studied this novel before. They are Mayrina
Susanti Puspitasari, a Sanata Dharma University’s student, with “The
Reflection of Maya Angelou’s Resistant Against Racism in I Know Why
the Caged Bird Sings: A Socio- Culture Historical Approach” and Yuni
Ariany, a student of Sanata Dharma University, with “Maya Angelou’s
Purpose of Writing Her Bibliography I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings:
Autobiography Approach.
The first researcher studied about the factors that bring the existence of
racism. Her finding shows that all of those factors that bring existence of
racism could not be wiped out as soon as possible until early twentieth
century. The factors are ancestral experience as a consequence of slavery,
black environmental and racial prejudice. She supported with the Angelou’s
resistance against racism and how she protest any kinds of practices of racism.
The second researcher concerned with the purposes of Maya Angelou
in writing her autobiography. The purposes of writing the autobiography
insisted that Angelou wants to make a confession toward the tragedy of rape
she faced, informs her protest against society around her and her family, and
makes the reader follow the story of her life by reading her phenomenal
autobiography continuously. She emphasized that Maya Angelou described
her difficult and hard life through her literary work.
Presently, the writer concerns with the racism happened in Maya
Angelou’s I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. He uses a individual
psychological perspective to analyze the novel.
C. Problem Statement
The problem of the research is “How is struggle against racial
discrimination reflected in Maya Angelou’s I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings?”
D. Research Limitation
The researcher focuses his discussion on the Marguerite’s struggle
against the practices of racial discrimination in Maya Angelou’s I Know Why
the Caged Bird Sings by using individual psychological approach. This
approach is chosen because the writer wants to explore the individual
psychological of Marguerite.
E. Objectives of the Study
The objectives of study are as follows:
1. to describe the structural elements of the novel, and
2. to analyze the novel based on the individual psychological perspective.
F. Benefits of the Study
1. Theoretical Benefit:
It gives significant contribution to the larger body of knowledge
particularly in I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings.
2. Practical Benefit:
It gives deeper understanding in literary field as the reference to the other
researchers in analyzing this novel with different perspective.
G. Research Method
1. Object of the Study
The object of the study is the novel of I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings,
written by Maya Angelou.
2. Type of the Study
This research paper uses qualitative research in the form of literary
work. Qualitative research is a type of research that does not use any
calculation or statistic procedure. Here, the writer does not include statistic
procedure.
3. Type of the Data and Data Sources
Data in this research is text consisting of words, phrases, and
sentences.
Data sources in this research are:
a. Primary data source is novel of Maya Angelou’s I Know Why the
Caged Bird Sings, and
b. The secondary data are taken from some references and material
related to the study taken both by picking up from books and internet.
4. Technique of the Data Collection
Data collection is done through documentations or library research.
The steps to gain the data are as follows:
a. Reading novels rapidly,
b. Taking notes of information in both primary and secondary data,
c. Arranging the data in to several based on its classification, and
d. Developing of data provided
5. Technique of the Data Analysis
In this study, the technique that is used to analyze the data is
descriptive analysis through individual psychological approach.
H. Paper Organization
The research paper is divided into five chapters. Chapter one is the
introduction covering background of the study, literature review, problem
statement, limitation of the study, objective of study, benefit of study,
research method, and paper organization. Chapter two is the underlying
theory, namely; the individual psychology by Alfred Adler. Chapter three is
the structural analysis. Chapter four discusses the individual psychology
analysis. Finally, chapter five is the conclusion and suggestion.